Integration of Occupational Risk Factors and Ergonomic Assessment for Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevention

Abstract

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are a major occupational health burden, impacting work ability, productivity, and quality of life. Despite extensive research, evidence on WRMSDs remains fragmented across sectors, hindering the development of comprehensive prevention strategies.

Objective: This review synthesizes recent evidence on WRMSDs across various occupational settings and proposes a public health-oriented framework linking occupational characteristics, risk factors, ergonomic assessments, and preventive strategies.

Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2026. Evidence was synthesized thematically, emphasizing occupational sectors, body regions, risk factors, assessment methods, and prevention.

Results: WRMSDs were commonly reported among workers in manufacturing, construction, healthcare, office work, transportation, and agriculture, with the neck, shoulders, and lower back most affected. Physical exposures were primary risk factors, while organizational and psychosocial factors acted as modifiers. Traditional ergonomic assessments predominated, with limited use of technology-assisted methods. An integrated conceptual framework was developed to link occupational exposure to prevention strategies.

Conclusion: WRMSDs are a multifactorial public health issue requiring integrated prevention strategies. The proposed framework offers a population-based approach to guide occupational health programs and policy development.